Cause of HIV

We don't know for sure exactly what causes HIV. Scientist and researchers do certainly know how the virus is made up and how it attacks the body. But where it actually came from is a medical mystery.

That is not to say that there haven't been many theories. Some of the theories have been very plausible. The majority of the medical profession believes that the virus was a direct descendent of the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Simian means monkey. A number of SIVs bear a remarkable resemblence to HIV. But how was the virus spread to human. Researchers claimed that at some point the virus had passed from chimps to humans. There is some suggestion that poachers had killed the infected chimps and then eaten them or even had sex with them.

HIV is transmitted by direct inoculation during intimate sexual contact,especially associated with the mucosal trauma of receptive rectal intercourse; transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products (a risk diminished by routine testing of all blood products); sharing of contaminated needles; or transplacental or postpartum transmission from an infected mother to the fetus (by cervical or blood contact at delivery and in breast milk).

Casual household or social contact doesn't transmit HIV. The average time between exposure to the virus and diagnosis is 8 to 10 years, but shorter and longer incubation times have also been recorded. Most people develop antibodies within 6 to 8 weeks of contracting

HIV disease is characterized by a gradual deterioration of immune function. Most notably, crucial immune cells called CD4+ T cells are disabled and killed during the typical course of infection. These cells, sometimes called "T-helper cells," play a central role in the immune response, signaling other cells in the immune system to perform their special functions.

A healthy, uninfected person usually has 800 to 1,200 CD4+ T cells per cubic millimeter (mm3) of blood. During HIV infection, the number of these cells in a person's blood progressively declines. When a person's CD4+ T cell count falls below 200/mm3, he or she becomes particularly vulnerable to the opportunistic infections and cancers that typify AIDS, the end stage of HIV disease. People with AIDS often suffer infections of the lungs, intestinal tract, brain, eyes and other organs, as well as debilitating weight loss, diarrhea, neurologic conditions and cancers such as Kaposi's sarcoma and certain types of lymphomas.

Most scientists think that HIV causes AIDS by directly inducing the death of CD4+ T cells or interfering with their normal function, and by triggering other events that weaken a person's immune function. For example, the network of signaling molecules that normally regulates a person's immune response is disrupted during HIV disease, impairing a person's ability to fight other infections. The HIV-mediated destruction of the lymph nodes and related immunologic organs also plays a major role in causing the immunosuppression seen in people with AIDS.

The great tragedy is that this failure to determine the root cause of HIV is a seemingly insurmountable obstacle in finding either a cure or even a vaccine.

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